Sources

Annual survey covering all higher education institutions in India. Reports state-wise Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for the 18-23 age group, gender parity index, faculty strength, infrastructure, and discipline-wise enrolment.

Decennial enumeration of population. Census 2021 was deferred; 2011 remains the canonical baseline for many derived indicators.

NSS 79th round modular survey (July 2022 - June 2023), NSS Report No. 590. Publishes state-wise average out-of-pocket medical expenditure per person (net of reimbursement), reported separately for rural and urban and for hospitalisation vs non-hospitalisation. Central sample, uniform methodology across all states.

Definitive Tier-1 source on Indian police organisations. Annual DoPO publishes state-wise sanctioned and in-position strength of civil and armed police, police-to-population ratios, vacancy rates, infrastructure (stations, vehicles, weapons), and gender composition.

CAG-audited actual receipts and disbursements of the Government of Tamil Nadu for FY2021-22. Statements 1-4 give the audited financial position, revenue receipts (own-tax break-up), and expenditure.

RBI's annual compendium of state-level economic, fiscal, and social statistics. Drawn from MoSPI, CAG, and state budgets; treated as a definitive cross-state reference.

Government's official large-scale assessment of student learning outcomes in Grades 3, 5, 8, and 10 across major subjects. Last conducted in 2021. Tier-1 government counterpart to ASER's NGO-led learning assessment.

Live dashboard of case statistics from District + Subordinate courts (and a High Court portal). Reports total pending cases, pendency older than 5/10/20+ years, and disposal rates by state. Values shown here are point-in-time snapshots.

Definitive Tier-1 source on rural health infrastructure: number and shortfall of Sub-Centres, Primary Health Centres (PHCs), Community Health Centres (CHCs); sanctioned vs in-position medical and paramedical staff; and specialist availability.

Demographic vital statistics (birth rate, death rate, infant mortality, life expectancy) based on a continuously updated dual-record sample. The authoritative source for vital rates in India.

Independent constitutional audit of state finances. The most rigorous source for fiscal aggregates including off-budget liabilities.

CAG audit report for Tamil Nadu, whose multi-year time-series (Appendix 1.4, Table 1.1) carries the audited FY2016-17 actuals: GSDP, revenue receipts, revenue expenditure and the fiscal/revenue deficit, used as labelled 'what actually happened' context for the 2016-17 budget anchor.

RBI's annual standardized compilation of state budgets, used to cross-check Tamil Nadu's headline receipts, expenditure and deficit aggregates.

Monthly state-wise Consumer Price Index (Combined rural + urban). Annual averages and year-on-year inflation derived from the monthly release. Base year 2012 = 100.

Annual compendium of registered cognizable crimes (IPC + SLL) by state, district, and category. Reporting variation across states means absolute levels should be interpreted with care.

Facility-reported service-delivery data: institutional deliveries, immunisation, OPD. Strong on trends, weaker on absolute levels due to reporting variation.

Official statistical authority for state GSDP, NSDP, and per-capita income at current and constant prices, by state and sector. Current base year 2011-12. MoSPI publishes a series of estimates over multiple years for each fiscal year: advance, provisional, first revised, second revised, third revised. Site values use the most recent vintage available; vintage is tracked per-observation.

Predecessor to PLFS. NSS conducted full-sample Employment & Unemployment Surveys roughly every five years; the 68th round (July 2011 to June 2012) is the closest pre-PLFS benchmark. Replaced by the continuous PLFS from 2017-18, so values across the break should be compared with care; sample design and reference period definitions differ.

Quarterly and annual estimates of employment, unemployment, and wages. Replaced the older NSSO employment rounds in 2017.

Annual school-level data on enrolment, teachers, infrastructure, and dropout. Covers government and private schools across India.

Independent, citizen-led household survey of children's reading and arithmetic ability in rural India. Methodologically distinct from government NAS; both are reported as alternates.

Predecessor to NFHS-5; used here for trend comparisons.

Large-scale household survey covering ~700 health, nutrition, and demographic indicators at state and district level. Methodology based on DHS programme.

Sixth round of the National Family Health Survey (fieldwork 2023–24, ~6.79 lakh households, 715 districts). State and national fact sheets released 29 May 2026; district fact sheets not yet published. DHS-based methodology.

The state's own 2016-17 budget headline (revenue receipts, revenue expenditure, deficit ratios) from the full / revised budget presented in August 2016 after the May 2016 election (the interim February 2016 vote-on-account is superseded). Cross-checked against the CAG State Finances Audit Report; the primary PDF is not machine-fetchable. Sector-wise Budget Estimates for 2016-17 are not available from a citable source and are deliberately left blank.

The state government's own 2025-26 budget documents. Headline figures (revenue receipts, deficit ratios, projected GSDP) are corroborated against PRS and RBI; the primary PDF is not machine-fetchable so PRS is cited as the transcribing source.

TN's state-level estimates of GSDP, NSDP, and per-capita income. Published ahead of and often differing from CSO/RBI estimates because the TN DES uses slightly different methodology, sector weights, and a faster revision cycle. Cited in state press releases, Vision Tamil Nadu 2030, and the annual State Policy Notes.

Composite index ranking states on police, judiciary, prisons, and legal aid. Useful for triangulating with NCRB.

Independent transcription and analysis of the official Tamil Nadu 2021-22 Budget Estimates / Annual Financial Statement by PRS Legislative Research.

Used for FY2021-22 audited Actuals on sector and committed expenditure, consistent with the CAG Finance Accounts.

Independent transcription and analysis of the official Tamil Nadu 2025-26 Budget Estimates / Annual Financial Statement by PRS Legislative Research.